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The French Renaissance saw art and culture flourish, conflict with the House of Habsburg, and the establishment of a French colonial empire, which by the 20th century would become the second-largest in the world. From the mid-14th to the mid-15th century, France was plunged into a series of dynastic conflicts involving England, collectively known as the Hundred Years' War, and a distinct French identity emerged as a result. Philip II successfully strengthened royal power and defeated his rivals to double the size of the crown lands by the end of his reign, France had emerged as the most powerful state in Europe. In the High Middle Ages, France was a powerful but highly decentralised feudal kingdom. The Treaty of Verdun of 843 partitioned the empire, with West Francia becoming the Kingdom of France in 987.

The Germanic Franks formed the Kingdom of Francia, which became the heartland of the Carolingian Empire. Rome annexed the area in 51 BC, leading to a distinct Gallo-Roman culture that laid the foundation of the French language. Inhabited by archaic humans since the Paleolithic era, the territory of Metropolitan France was settled during the Iron Age by Celtic tribes known as Gauls. France is a unitary semi-presidential republic with its capital in Paris, the country's largest city and main cultural and commercial centre other major urban areas include Marseille, Lyon, Toulouse, Lille, Bordeaux, Strasbourg and Nice. Its eighteen integral regions (five of which are overseas) span a combined area of 643,801 km 2 (248,573 sq mi) and had a total population of over 68 million as of January 2023. Its metropolitan area extends from the Rhine to the Atlantic Ocean and from the Mediterranean Sea to the English Channel and the North Sea overseas territories include French Guiana in South America, Saint Pierre and Miquelon in the North Atlantic, the French West Indies, and many islands in Oceania and the Indian Ocean.

It also includes overseas regions and territories in the Americas and the Atlantic, Pacific and Indian Oceans, giving it one of the largest discontiguous exclusive economic zones in the world. The CIA reports the total as 643,801 km 2 (248,573 sq mi).įrance ( French: ), officially the French Republic (French: République française ), is a country located primarily in Western Europe.

Adding these give the total shown here for the entire French Republic. Source gives area of metropolitan France as 551,500 km 2 (212,900 sq mi) and lists overseas regions separately, whose areas sum to 89,179 km 2 (34,432 sq mi).

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